Hardware
M. Hosseini Shirvani; A. Akbarifar
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Among miscellaneous networks, onion-based routing network technologies such as The Onion-based Routing (ToR), Invisible Internet Project (I2P), and Riffle networks are used to communicate anonymously by different worldwide users for security, privacy, and safety requirements. ...
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Background and Objectives: Among miscellaneous networks, onion-based routing network technologies such as The Onion-based Routing (ToR), Invisible Internet Project (I2P), and Riffle networks are used to communicate anonymously by different worldwide users for security, privacy, and safety requirements. Sometimes, these types of networks sacrifice anonymity for the sake of efficient communication or vice-versa. This paper surveys aforementioned networks for investigating their potential and challenges.Methods: Onion-routing networks encapsulate messages in several layers of encryption similar to layers of an onion. The anonymous communication networks are involved dining cryptographers (DC) problem so-called DC-nets, which need sending anonymous message with unconditional sender and untraceable receipt. So, DC-nets must be resistant against traffic analysis attacks although they will attenuate the network bandwidth. In this line, ToR is a free software that provides anonymous communication, I2P networks are based on hidden internet service project which uses tunnelling for anonymous communications, and Riffle networks include a small set of camouflaging servers that provide anonymity for authorized users. This paper presents a comparative study on anonymizing ToR, I2P, and Riffle networks in terms of associated prominent parameters in this vein.Results: The comparison is based on similarities, differences, and challenges in network behaviors. This comparison is beneficial for further researches and future improvements.Conclusion: The review of the current paper reveals that the Riffle networks are more resilient and have great confidentiality and integrity against other onion-based routing networks.
Hardware
A. Oloomi; H. Khanmirza
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Nowadays, video hosting services receive and stream videos using standard protocols like Real-Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP). During the streaming process, video file streams are usually divided into small multi-second parts, and the player receives these parts instead of the ...
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Background and Objectives: Nowadays, video hosting services receive and stream videos using standard protocols like Real-Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP). During the streaming process, video file streams are usually divided into small multi-second parts, and the player receives these parts instead of the whole file at once. Most of the streaming protocols are capable of adaptive streaming and tolerating faults like device failures, and link disconnections. Faults might affect the performance of live streaming in terms of packet loss, latency, jitter, and video quality. The software-defined networking paradigm has also gained momentum in enterprise networks due to its lower-cost management and better network utilization. However, full migration from the current networks to the SDN model is not practical.Methods: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of fault tolerance mechanisms of RTMP protocol on hybrid software-defined networks (SDN). In this paper, a practical and straightforward hybrid network architecture is proposed for gradual migration from traditional IP networks. Then, the performance of the RTMP protocol is compared for live video streaming on this network with different streams facing multiple failures.Results: Our experiments show that network failure recovery time in SDN is directly depends on the video stream recovery time while in traditional networks, streams need to be buffered again and it takes another several seconds due to the long interruption time. We propose an equation to give a rough estimation of data loss in SDN network during failures based on our observations which helps us in comparisons. We also demonstrate the average switching time in the SDN networks is almost half of the switching time in traditional networks.Conclusion: Our experiments proves, practically, video recovery time in SDN is less than a traditional network and has more correspondence with mechanisms of RTMP.
